Separation, Refining & Rare-Earth Metals

MP Materials is accelerating its push to build a fully integrated U.S. rare earth supply chain, reporting record NdPr production and progress toward heavy rare earth and magnet manufacturing. In 2025, its Mountain Pass operations delivered a record 2,599 metric tons of neodymium-praseodymium, more than double the 1,294 metric tons produced in 2024. First-quarter 2026 NdPr output hit a record 917 metric tons, up 63% year over year, and second-quarter production rose 41% year over year to 840 metric tons despite a scheduled semiannual maintenance outage; management expects third-quarter 2026 NdPr production to have exceeded 1,000 metric tons. The company remains on track to begin producing terbium and dysprosium later this year, with first samarium production targeted for 2028, and recently signed a multiyear agreement to supply gadolinium oxide to a leading U.S. aerospace and defense manufacturer. In December 2025, MP produced its first commercial-scale neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets at its Independence facility in Fort Worth, Texas, and it has been delivering magnetic precursor products to General Motors under a supply agreement since the first quarter of 2025. As of June 30, 2026, MP had collected $150 million in required GM prepayments and delivered $104.5 million of precursor products, with the remaining $45.5 million expected within a year, after which it expects to shift to finished magnet sales; it delivered magnets to GM for in-vehicle qualification testing in the second quarter of 2026 and expects commercial shipments to begin in the fourth quarter of 2026. MP has begun construction of the 10X magnetics facility, which is expected to contribute to total production capacity of approximately 10,000 metric tons of NdFeB rare-earth magnets per year, and it has launched Project Swarm with U.S. and allied drone manufacturers while continuing its partnership with Apple on magnet recycling and production.

American Rare Earths has unveiled an updated Scoping Study for the Cowboy State Mine outlining a larger development concept for Halleck Creek, CEO Mark Wall said. The study evaluates a 4.5-million-tonne-per-year operation with a projected mine life of 26 years, generating an estimated after-tax net present value of approximately US$1.07 billion at an 8% real discount rate. Initial capital is estimated at approximately US$900 million, comprising roughly US$690 million in direct capital and US$210 million in contingency, with the updated study applying a 30% contingency allowance to direct capital versus 20% in the company's 2025 study. Modelled average annual production of neodymium-praseodymium oxide has increased from approximately 1,800 tonnes to 2,500 tonnes, and a separate closure cost provision of approximately US$56 million has been included at the end of the projected mine life. The development concept combines mining, comminution and mineral concentration at the Cowboy State Mine with a separate hydrometallurgical refinery planned for the Wheatland or Laramie area of Wyoming, as the company aims to establish a domestic supply of rare earth oxides and advance technical work to connect those materials with downstream U.S. production of rare earth metals and permanent magnets.

Tronox Holdings plc has signed a cooperation and investment agreement with JX Advanced Metals Corporation to advance its rare earth and critical minerals business. Under the agreement, the two companies will fund on a 50/50 basis approximately $32 million to support a definitive feasibility study for Tronox's proposed rare earth cracking and leaching facility in Australia, a pre-feasibility study for a proposed rare earth oxide refinery in the United States, and development of a US-based pilot facility capable of producing initial quantities of high-purity rare earth oxides. The Cracking Plant is planned for the Rockingham Industrial Zone in Western Australia, about three kilometers south of Tronox's Kwinana TiO2 pigment plant, while the Refinery is expected to be located on Tronox-owned land adjacent to its Hamilton, Mississippi TiO2 pigment facility. Together, the two sites would aim to produce up to 10,000 tonnes per annum of total rare earth oxides, and the agreement also contemplates joint development of niobium, scandium, zirconium, and hafnium from Tronox's mineral resources. If the engineering studies demonstrate technical and commercial viability, the companies will explore forming a joint venture to fund, build, and operate the assets, and they have engaged with government-backed financing institutions including the US Export-Import Bank and Export Finance Australia.